This is a subtle, but interesting modulation going on. And unusual compared to other stuff. Maybe that’s why you have problems nailing something similliar down.
I think this is 2 (or even more) different sounds layered, also rhythmically exclusive. Maybe even the action consists of sampled notes, allowing stuff like the reverse notes, and preprocessing.
Moog plus 303 wasn’t so far away I think. But I heard different action through. 303 - I’d say no, just some bread and butter synthie.
The beginning offers the basic elements, one “moog” style squarewave sub-pluck like bassy note, filter cutoff goes pretty low on the note after a slight snappy fast attack. And one highpass filtered note with more open filter (edit: lp filter on synth, but highpassed to not collide with the bassy note afterwards), but also pluck-like, but slower closing, square mixed with saw (maybe sq one oct lower) and a bit detuned probably, and a bit hissy noise and a distortion on it giving/exaggerating a “plastic” feel and the hiss/squelch. When both combine, they sound as one note, but they are also used for themselves/alternating, giving the whole bassline the nice jumpy feeling. I really think both note’s filters are sampled, static, so no realtime synth modulation action, could be wrong, though.
After sequencing the line the difficult part goes on. As I said, one hit is bassy, the other highpassed and modulated. The high part has some fast delay effect on it without feedback, effectively doubling notes. Then it seems like a filterbank was modulated kind of constantly, making this weird complex sound. Maybe the bank was even used on both base elements individually. Sometimes it seems like both are filtered together, i.e. parts where the subby hit seems distorted and highpassed with the high notes, maybe even filters opened a bit on the sub note - sometimes modulations seems to affect both. somtimes it sounds like the more open plucks are filtered through a vowel filter, but only the attacks. In one part it sounds like the vowel filter is set to a (random?) note on each attack of the highpassed synth note. I think you can mimic effects done pretty well with parametric/graphic equalisers, and automating the eq points, and maybe some simple digital highpass filter as a pre for certain parts. You can also mimic the vowel-like part with an eq, just set peaks right as if they were formants, use only 2 or 3 formants. Also you can make one bell-boost eq into the chain, and automate the frequency (flat response but a single tap with medium wide peak moved up and down), this is another effect that seems in there.
Later on there is of course a slowly up-down tweaked comb filter. And the parts with the reversed notes…or a part of the line played backwards…
Maybe I missed quite some action, or got wrong. I’d not take the exact modulation too serious when mimicking. It is complex, and maybe the artist just stacked some filter(bank)s or eqs on the bass parts, and automated/recorded their parameters without too much planning until he got some good takes to make the tune from.